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Background: Organophosphorus insecticides are one of the most common causes of poisoning in India. It has a high mortality rate and accounts for a third of suicidal deaths in south-east Asia.Methods: The objectives were to estimate serum pseudocholinesterase and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels in organophosphorus poisoning and correlate them with theseverity and prognosis described by the Peradeniya organophosphorus poisoning (POP) scale at initial presentation.This was a cross-sectional study conducted over 18 months. A total of 180 organophosphorus-poisoning subjects were divided into mild, moderate and severe grades based on POP scale at admission. Serum pseudocholinesterase and CPK levels were estimated at admission. The outcome was noted, and the results were statistically analysed.Results:It was found that 112 (62.2%), 51 (28.3%) and 17 (9.4%) patients had mild, moderate and severe poisoning, respectively, according to POP scale. Mean pseudocholinesterase level (units/litre) was 2393.29, 1104.37 and 638.18 and mean serum CPK level (units/litre) was 153.41,344.94 and 280.53 in mild, moderate and severe poisoning, respectively. ICU and ventilator were required for 84 (46.75%) and 72 (40%) patients, respectively. Mortality was 17.8%. Negative, weak and significant correlation was seen between POP score and pseudocholinesterase (r=-0.265, p=0.00). Positive, moderate and significant correlation was seen between POP score and CPK levels (r=0.449, p=0.00).Conclusions: POP scale applied at admission along with serum pseudocholinesterase and CPK levels serve as a simple and effective system to determine early need for ventilation and mortality in rural, peripheral centres in developing nations.
ABSTRACT
Context: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic systemic metabolic disease. This disorder affects mainly children and adolescents. The main complications of diabetes mellitus affect the organs and tissues rich in capillary vessels such as kidney, retina, and nerves. These complications are secondary to the development of microangiopathy. Similar changes in small vessels can be found in the oral tissues. There is a significant increase in gingival inflammation and plaque seen in children with T1DM. Aims: The aim of this study is to assess the oral health status and knowledge among T1DM children and young adolescents aged 10–15 years in Bengaluru. Subjects and Methods: One hundred and seventy-five 10–15 year-old children with T1DM and 175 age, sex, and socioeconomic status matched nondiabetic controls were included in the study. Oral health status was assessed using community periodontal Index and decayed/decayed-missing/missing-filled/filled teeth index (DMFT/dmft). Oral health knowledge was assessed using 11 item questionnaire. Chi-square test and Student's t-test were used in the statistical analysis. Results: With regard to periodontal status, subjects with healthy periodontal tissue were less in diabetic than control group. Patients with bleeding and calculus were more in diabetic group than control group. The difference between diabetic group and control group was statistically significant (P = 0.001).The mean number of DMFT/dmft were less in diabetics (0.07 ± 0.006)/(0.26 ± 0.05) compared to control groups (0.1 ± 0.01)/(0.84 ± 0.2), respectively. Overall, oral health knowledge was more among diabetic patients (8.3 ± 1.7) compared to controls (7.5 ± 1.8). Conclusions: The results of the present study showed more gingival changes and higher oral health knowledge in diabetic group when compared to control group.
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Aim: Most of the studies were on adult ossicles. In this present work, the aim is to study the morphometry of the ear ossicles in the human fetuses and use of the study in medical applications. Materials and Methods: This study is performed on 100 sets of middle ear ossicles, each set consisting of Malleus, Incus and Stapes, which were taken from 50 fetal cadavers left and right sides of both. Result: The morphometric data of malleus and incus in their length are 5.21mm and 4.85mm, the height of the stapes is 2.52mm. The indices of malleus, incus and stapes are 51.28, 67.54 and 88.12mm. Conclusion: The study of morphometry in the ear ossicles of the human fetal cadavers can be useful for prosthetic surgical reconstruction.
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Aim: To study the morphological variation, if any, of the ear ossicles in the human fetuses and use of the study in medical applications. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 100 sets of middle ear ossicles, each set consisting of Malleus, Incus and Stapes, which were taken from 50 fetal cadavers on either side. Observations: All the three ossicles showed variations in their morphology and more so in the stapes. Discussion: There are few studies in the literature on individual differences in these ossicles and these studies were on either adult or different species. Conclusion: the ear ossicles of the destitute human fetuses can be used as homografts to replace eroded adult middle ear ossicles.
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Introduction: ION receives proprioceptive impulses from spino-olivary tract and conveys the fibers to the cerebellum through olivo-cerebellar tract. There is paucity of data in human olivary complex, hence the present study is done. Materials and Methods: Study was conducted with 15 adult brains and 25 fetuses of different gestations were perfused with 10% formalin and processed for histological examination. Obeservations: Rounded cells have been seen infiltrating the entire field. at 16 weeks of gestation. Segregation of neurons into principal, medial, and dorsal accessory olivary nuclei at 20 wks gestation. Discussion: Neuron differentiation into oval, round, multipolar types has begun at 40 wks gestation. Neurons in the olivary subdivisions are grouped in separate clusters as per Ramon y Cajal,1909; Scheibel and Scheibel, 1955, Bowman and King, 1973. Multipolar neurons dominated in adult inferior olivary nucleus. Conclusion: The greater development of neurons is a consequence of finer regulation of various movements of hands and finger associated with movement of head and eyes.
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Sexual dimorphism in human corpus callosum is controversial, and only a limited number of studies have been done on foetuses. Corpus callosum of 50 foetal brains, 25 male and 24 female were studied however, one foetus with undifferentiated sex, was excluded from the present study. The crown rump length (CRL) and the brain weight of these foetuses ranged from 5 to 39 cm and 10 to 550 gm. Brain was divided into two equal halves by median section after fixation. The length of the corpus callosum, pre-callosal and post-callosal lengths, were measured on the medial aspect of each cerebral hemisphere. The thickness of splenium was measured in the sagittal section. The brain weight increased with increase in the CRL length in all the foetuses. The average length of the corpus callosum was more in males than in females. The z test value was 1.3871, which is not significant. The thickness of splenium was more in females than male. The z test value was 2.28, which is highly significant. Sex difference was not observed in any of the other parameters.
ABSTRACT
Polycystic kidney disease is one of the life-threatening inherited disorder summated by the development of bilateral or unilateral renal cysts that might lead to renal failure in due course of time. This disorder affects 1 in 1000 live births. A still born male human foetus of 31 weeks gestation was brought from one of the private nursing homes by post graduate students for study of foetal anomalies as part of their project work. During dissection of the foetus, the kidneys were found to be of 8 cms in length and 5.5 cms in width which were almost of the adult size. The kidneys were subjected to histological examination. Microscopic examination revealed scanty cortical areas with glomeruli and proximal convoluted tubules with large cystic cavities at the juxta cortical regions.